Surgical approach of bronchogenic cancer in correlation with tumor type and risk factors
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22122/cdj.v8i2.495Keywords:
Bronchogenic Carcinoma, Weight Loss, Lobectomy, Pneumonectomy, Risk Factors, LungAbstract
BACKGROUND: This study is conducted with the aim to analyse the epidemiological pattern of bronchogenic carcinoma in Erbil City, Iraq, with identification of any underlying causative factor, gender variations, as well as surgical approach.
METHODS: Patients with bronchogenic carcinoma who underwent an operatio were from Shar and PAR hospitals
(n = 30) and their individual characteristics, such as age, gender male-to-female (M:F) ratios, weight loss, smoking status, histological types, and operative procedure in relation to the tumor subtype were obtained for each patient.
RESULTS: The incidence of bronchogenic carcinoma increased with age proportionally. The male patients with an operation for bronchogenic carcinoma were more than females. 25 out of 30 patients experienced weight loss and 5 patients had no weight loss at the time of operation. Among all patients undergoing the operation, 96.67% were smokers and only 3.33% were non-smokers, in addition, the majority of the smoker patients were active smokers. Adenocarcinoma was commonest among operable adenocarcinoma with different histological subtypes in bronchogenic carcinoma, moreover, large cell carcinoma had the lowest rate. The dominant procedure performed for bronchogenic carcinoma was lobectomy, which was used more frequently than pneumonectomy.
CONCLUSION: An apparent increase in bronchogenic carcinoma incidence was observed in Erbil that might indicate some local environmental risk factors, in addition to changing smoking habits. The study findings do not support the hypothesis that females in general are at higher risk for bronchogenic carcinoma development, but tobacco and histologic-specific susceptibility cannot be ruled out.
References
Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: Sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. Int J Cancer 2015; 136(5): E359-E386.
Jemal A, Thun MJ, Ries LA, Howe HL, Weir HK, Center MM, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975-2005, featuring trends in lung cancer, tobacco use, and tobacco control. J Natl Cancer Inst 2008; 100(23): 1672-94.
Forman D, Burley VJ. Gastric cancer: global pattern of the disease and an overview of environmental risk factors. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2006; 20(4): 633-49.
Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2016. CA Cancer J Clin 2016; 66(1): 7-30.
Rami-Porta R, Wittekind C, Goldstraw P. Complete resection in lung cancer surgery: Proposed definition. Lung Cancer 2005; 49(1): 25-33.
Vonk MC, van Dijk AP, Heijdra YF, van der Heijden HF, Bredie SJ, van den Hoogen FH. Pulmonary hypertension: Its diagnosis and management, a multidisciplinary approach. Neth J Med 2005; 63(6): 193-8.
Matsuda A, Katanoda K. Five-year relative survival rate of lung cancer in the USA, Europe and Japan. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2013; 43(12): 1287-8.
Ginsberg MS. Epidemiology of lung cancer. Semin Roentgenol 2005; 40(2): 83-9.
Trichopoulos D, Kalandidi A, Sparros L, MacMahon B. Lung cancer and passive smoking. Int J Cancer 1981; 27(1): 1-4.
Travis WD, Brambilla E, Nicholson AG, Yatabe Y, Austin JHM, Beasley MB, et al. The 2015 World Health Organization classification of lung tumors: Impact of genetic, clinical and radiologic advances since the 2004 Classification. J Thorac Oncol 2015; 10(9): 1243-60.
Mountain CF. Revisions in the International System for Staging Lung Cancer. Chest 1997; 111(6): 1710-7.
Rami-Porta R. Reflections on the revisions in the international system for staging lung cancer. Chest 1998; 113(6): 1728-9.
Zell JA, Ignatius Ou SH, Ziogas A, Anton-Culver H. Validation of the proposed International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer non-small cell lung cancer staging system revisions for advanced bronchioloalveolar carcinoma using data from the California Cancer Registry. J Thorac Oncol 2007; 2(12): 1078-85.
Buyukcelik A, Yalcin B, Utkan G. Multidisciplinary management of lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2004; 350(19): 2008-10.
Papagiannis A. Multidisciplinary management of lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2004; 350(19): 2008-10.
Ratto GB, Mereu C, Motta G. The prognostic significance of preoperative assessment of mediastinal lymph nodes in patients with lung cancer. Chest 1988; 93(4): 807-13.
Shiraishi T, Shirakusa T, Miyoshi T, Hiratsuka M, Yamamoto S, Iwasaki A. A completely thoracoscopic lobectomy/segmentectomy for primary lung cancer--technique, feasibility, and advantages. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006; 54(3): 202-7.
Halstead JC, Screaton N, Ritchie AJ. The surgical treatment of bronchial carcinoma. Hosp Med 2003; 64(3): 136-43.
Molina JR, Yang P, Cassivi SD, Schild SE, Adjei AA. Non-small cell lung cancer: Epidemiology, risk factors, treatment, and survivorship. Mayo Clin Proc 2008; 83(5): 584-94.
Lai VW. Stages of the cigarette epidemic on entering its second century. Invited commentary. Tob Control 2012; 21(2): 101-2.
Thun M, Peto R, Boreham J, Lopez AD. Stages of the cigarette epidemic on entering its second century. Tob Control 2012; 21(2): 96-101.
Radzikowska E, Glaz P, Roszkowski K. Lung cancer in women: Age, smoking, histology, performance status, stage, initial treatment and survival. Population-based study of 20 561 cases. Ann Oncol 2002; 13(7): 1087-93.
Jemal A, Murray T, Ward E, Samuels A, Tiwari RC, Ghafoor A, et al. Cancer statistics, 2005. CA Cancer J Clin 2005; 55(1): 10-30.
Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Hao Y, Xu J, Thun MJ. Cancer statistics, 2009. CA Cancer J Clin 2009; 59(4): 225-49.
Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Murray T, Xu J, Thun MJ. Cancer statistics, 2007. CA Cancer J Clin 2007; 57(1): 43-66.
Adlkofer F. Lung cancer due to passive smoking-a review. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2001; 74(4): 231-41.
Taylor R, Cumming R, Woodward A, Black M. Passive smoking and lung cancer: A cumulative meta-analysis. Aust N Z J Public Health 2001; 25(3): 203-11.
Sahin C, Omar M, Tunca H, Kalemci S, Ozseker B, Akbaba G, et al. Weight loss at the time of diagnosis is not associated with prognosis in patients with advanced-stage non-small cell lung cancer. J BUON 2015; 20(6): 1576-84.
Leij-Halfwerk S, Dagneli PC, Kappert P, Oudkerk M, Sijens PE. Decreased energy and phosphorylation status in the liver of lung cancer patients with weight loss. J Hepatol 2000; 32(6): 887-92.
Leij-Halfwerk S, Dagnelie PC, van Den Berg JW, Wattimena JD, Hordijk-Luijk CH, Wilson JP. Weight loss and elevated gluconeogenesis from alanine in lung cancer patients. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71(2): 583-9.
Zauner C, Schneeweiss B, Kranz A, Madl C, Ratheiser K, Kramer L, et al. Resting energy expenditure in short-term starvation is increased as a result of an increase in serum norepinephrine. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71(6): 1511-5.
Hirsch FR, Matthews MJ, Aisner S, Campobasso O, Elema JD, Gazdar AF, et al. Histopathologic classification of small cell lung cancer. Changing concepts and terminology. Cancer 1988; 62(5):
-7.
Johansson L. Histopathologic classification of lung cancer: Relevance of cytokeratin and TTF-1 immunophenotyping. Ann Diagn Pathol 2004; 8(5): 259-67.
He J, Shao W, Cao C, Yan TD, Wang D, Xiong X, et al. Long-term outcome of hybrid surgical approach of video-assisted minithoracotomy sleeve lobectomy for non-small-cell lung cancer. Surg Endosc 2011; 25(8): 2509-15.
Khaliq Mf, Koirala A, Mohamed H. Bronchogenic carcinoma associated with pulmonary langerhans' cell histiocytosis: a rare disease with rare association. Chest 2018; 154(4): 606A.
